![]() ![]() To round things off, a code identifying the city that minted the coin was added in, giving us fascinating historical insight into the busiest and most prosperous areas of the ancient Roman Empire.The Roman denarius (plural: denarii) was a silver coin that was first minted during the period of the Roman Republic in 211 BC. One the back of the coin, images varied from battle scenes to religious messages, or even former revered emperors. ![]() This was most often a profile view, with descriptive text around them. As we still see in the coins of today, the front face of ancient Roman coins featured a portrait, usually of a Roman emperor or noted leader, or one of their family members. Roman coins had different features on the front and back. He would also add fine details such as lettering and curls of hair, making each one a true work of art – no wonder they were so valuable!ĭifferent Features Were Impressed Onto Roman Coins Rare Roman gold coin, image courtesy of Antique Traders Gazette After this, the impressed coin would then be passed on to a third party, a master engraver, who would go over each coin and make sure they were perfect. One would put metal discs or sheets into the die and clamp it shut, while the other would pound it with a hammer to make an impression onto the coin. Impressing images onto coins was an exacting process that required two workers. Two or Three Workers Were Needed to Impress Stamps Onto Coins Gold Roman coin featuring Hadrian, image courtesy of Numis Corner The mint disc could be slipped in between them, clamped tightly shut, and pounded from above. Romans came up with an ingenious system for doing this, by using a hinged die that had one image attached to the top, and another to the bottom (like the inside pages of a book cover). Much like today, Roman coins had different images on each side, meaning both had to be pressed onto the coins. The metal discs were heated to soften it beforehand. Dies, or heavy stamps made of bronze and iron, were engraved with the details of the coin face, and these had to be pounded onto the flat mint to leave an impression. In the next stage of the process these plain minted discs needed to be decorated, and it was this that gave them the real finishing touch. Marking Roman Coins With Stamps or “Dies” Making Roman Coins, image courtesy of SEQAM Lab Hot Striking Metal The gold melting process, image courtesy of Business Insider Sometimes these were then pounded flat on a metal anvil to make sure they were really nice and smooth, ready for the next stage of the process. The cold striking process involved striking coins out of a cold, unheated sheet of metal, to create round discs that were flat on both sides. When making their coins, Romans used two different processes on metal – cold striking and hot striking.Ĭold Striking Metal Roman coins in gold and silver, image courtesy of Historic UK The most popular and prevalent coin of the Roman Empire was the denarius, made from pressed silver it remained in circulation for an astonishing five centuries. Early Roman coins (from the 200s BCE) were made in bronze, but they later evolved to include silver, gold and copper in the coin-making process. They were made in a workshop space known as a mint, resembling a blacksmith’s shop. Romans made coins out of flat, round discs, or ‘mints’ of pressed metal, developing a technique now known as minting – in fact, we still use the term ‘minted’ to describe someone rich today! Nowadays the minting process is all done by machines in factories, but the Romans made their minted coins entirely by hand. Making Roman Coins: The Minting Process Denarius Roman coin featuring Emperor Augustus, image courtesy of APMEX
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The coal-fired heating plants use coal-scrubbing filters which reduce soot emissions, said Tao, the renewable energy expert. Many institutions and residential complexes have private heating, but also use coal-fired boilers. Most of the north’s heating plants are turned on around mid-November. Residents in cities south of the Yangtze River such as Shanghai tend to rely on electric space heaters. At the time, China was still impoverished, which meant the government could only afford to give its colder north centralized heating. It had spread across the north by the mid-1980s. Some also supply electricity while others burn coal just to generate steam which is piped into city grids for heat.Ĭentralized heating dates back to the 1950s in Beijing. The same sort of plants are used across northern China, providing so-called centralized heating. Officials blamed thick fog on the same day for contributing to the pollution. Images of the acrid smog over Harbin on October 21 were beamed around the world after authorities literally turned on the heat by switching on a network of mostly coal-fired heating plants that warm large swaths of the city. “If there’s not enough gas, many people will just go back to burning coal, secretly,” said Ming Sung, East Asia chief representative of the Clean Air Task Force, a U.S.-based environmental advocacy group. Importers also risk losses because the government keeps the price of gas low to curb inflation and ease the impact on consumers, although recent incremental price hikes have helped. The government has said it would raise natural gas use to 230 billion cubic meters by 2015, more than double the 2010 rate, but disappointing domestic production growth coupled with insufficient pipeline and storage capacity has left it increasingly reliant on imports and prone to shortages. Nevertheless, the gas shortage may still be 10 percent higher this winter than last year because more users have switched over, official media said last week, citing an unidentified executive from PetroChina, China’s largest gas producer and importer. The government also said last week it would control the increase in new gas users, prioritizing supplies to residential users and public transport during the winter. The shortage has forced the government to ration gas supplies, even banning construction of new natural gas-fired power stations. I think that’s still quite difficult,” said Tao Guangyuan, a renewable energy expert and columnist based in Beijing. “With the current natural gas situation, maybe you can guarantee (supply to) big cities like Beijing, but if you want to expand to the cities of northern China that need it. But domestic output cannot keep up with demand. Authorities have said Beijing’s urban core should use only gas for heating. “I suspect we will have severe incidents of air pollution in Beijing again this winter,” said Alvin Lin, China Climate and Energy Policy Director for the U.S.-based Natural Resources Defense Council.Ĭhina sees natural gas as the way to cleaner air. Beijing had its own emergency in January when air pollution was 45 times the level. The frigid northeastern city of Harbin, home to 11 million people, virtually ground to a halt last week when airborne contaminants were around 50 times the level recommended by the World Health Organization. ![]() The problem is worst in northern China, where air pollution mainly caused by decades of reliance on coal has lowered life expectancy by an estimated 5.5 years compared to the south, Chinese and international researchers said in July. A labourer works at a coking plant in Changzhi, north China's Shanxi province, July 7, 2007. You can either search or browse through the latest stuff. The website also lists the latest torrents under various categories on its homepage. It is a meta-search engine that crawls results from all major torrent search engines and platforms. The website respects your privacy and does not log anything into their database. You can download many TV shows, movies, videos, games, apps, and other files that are otherwise available on popular torrent websites. TorrentDownloadĪs its name suggests, this search engine solely exists for downloading torrents and nothing else. It has a distributed system for sharing enormous datasets uploaded by the researchers for the researchers. ![]() It has about 83TB of research data available on the website using its search database. The website is completely legal and used by many top universities across the world. It is a popular search engine for searching torrents related to academies. Torrent can be a great way for downloading academies related content. Its home page is fast simple and ad-free. It crawls the results from popular blocked and unblocked Torrent websites such as The Pirate Bay, RARBG, 1337x, YTS, EZTV, Kickass Torrents, and torrent proxy sites. The search engine frequently updates its index with the most popular torrent files, the latest torrent proxy sites, and small niche and language-specific torrent sites. If you are seeking for latest torrents from the sea of torrent websites, Torrentseeker deserves to be on your bookmark list. Its less ads experience makes it a more family-friendly website (Because many search engines show some really nasty ads) 7. Snowfl is one of the safest search engines for Torrent because it complies with all the policies of DMCA. This search engine digs into the world of Torrent files and brings you the most ideal result that you are looking for. You can avoid the most annoying experience of visiting any torrent website because of fewer Ads. The best thing about this search engine is, that it has very less ads. Snowfl is a very simple but powerful torrent search engine. iDope website’s homepage also provides a link to the most recent and most popular torrent files right now. Apart from the website, iDope also has its own Android app and various browser extensions for easy access.ĭespite being Old, its domain name hasn’t been changed since 2016, which is a good thing for any Torrent website (Pun Intended). It indexes all the content from major torrent platforms and provides one-click access to them. IDope is one of the oldest and popular torrent search engines. And its look makes it less creepy and without annoying advertisements. ![]() The stats suggest that Zooqle is one of the most popular search engines for downloading torrents. and 2,305 trackers supporting 67 M scrapes. However, it indexes all the major torrent websites and you can almost search every file here.Īs of now, if you believe its stats, Zooqle has about 5,847,953 verified torrents, 1,775 TV shows (209 K episodes), 48 K movies, 10.1 PB of data in 73.6 M files. The website is designed in such a way that it looks more like a content portal. Zooqle doesn’t look like a torrent search engine. If you want to know more about trackers, you can read our article on Seeders, Leechers, and Trackers in Torrent terminology. Torrends also provides a list of working trackers that can help you download faster. Apart from its search feature, the website hosts a list of about 100+ top torrent websites under various categories. Torrent Proxy websites are alternatives to websites that are either shut down or banned. It indexes content from torrent proxy websites as well. Torrends search engine provides you the ability to search torrents on dozens of torrent sites including 1337x, The pirate bay, RARBG, and its alternative. Apart from the website, AIO search also has a search cloud, firefox toolbar, and google chrome extension for faster access. It also provides you an option to create an account to take advantage of advanced controls. Like all other popular torrent search engines, AIO search also indexes content from major torrent platforms like ThePirateBay, 1337x and KickAssTorrents, etc. It provides a dropdown to select many for searching under a specific category. You can separately select the category of content before searching for it. AIO SearchĪIO search is a bit different from all other search engines mentioned above. ![]() ![]() The reason behind this is to keep the website alive even where it is blocked. If you are looking for anything on the torrent, chances are that you won’t need to search anywhere else.ĭespite being one of the best search engines for torrents, the website keeps changing its domain name. It can be also called a meta-search engine.Ī meta-search engine is one that searches data from other search engines as well. Torrentz is one of the most powerful torrent search engines that index about 31,102,502 active torrents from 125,464,743 pages on 26 domains. ![]() Please fill out the CAPTCHA below and then click the button to indicate that you agree to these terms. If you wish to be unblocked, you must agree that you will take immediate steps to rectify this issue. If you do not understand what is causing this behavior, please contact us here. If you promise to stop (by clicking the Agree button below), we'll unblock your connection for now, but we will immediately re-block it if we detect additional bad behavior.
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